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Tob. Sci., 1992, 36-16, p. 57-60, ISSN. 0082-4523, Tob. Reporter, 1992, 119-12, p. 55-8

Effects of nitrogen source and soil acidity on nitrogen use efficiency and growth of flue-cured tobacco

CAO Zhi-Hong; MINER G.S.; WOLLUM A.G., II
Institute of Soil Science, Academia Sinica, Nanjing, P.R. China; Dept. of Soil Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

Yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) are often reduced by (NH4)2SO4 on acid soils. Urea is a less acid-forming source of ammonium than (NH4)2SO4 and may be a better source of plant nitrogen than (NH4)2SO4 under acid soil conditions. Our objective was to determine the effects of soil pH, N source, and Cl- on the growth, N recovery, and N use efficiency of flue-cured tobacco under greenhouse conditions. In one experiment, 300 mg N kg-1 from four N sources [NaNO3, (NH2)2CO, (NH4)2SO4, and NH4Cl] were added to a loamy sand soil (Typic Paleudult) at three pH levels (5, 7, and 9). 15N-labeled N sources were used on three replications and nonlabeled sources were applied to six replications. In another experiment, the nonlabeled N sources were added to the soil at two pH levels (5 and 7) and Cl- levels of all sources were brought to the level applied with NH4CI (760 mg kg-1) using KCI. In both studies, one tobacco plant (‘Speight G-28’) was transplanted into each container. Nitrapyrin at 1 mg a.i. kg-1 was applied to all treatments. Height, leaf number, and plant weight were highest for (NH2)2CO and NaNO3 at pH 5, for (NH4)2SO4 and NaNO3 at pH 7, and for NaNO3 at pH 9. Production of hydroxyl ions from the hydrolysis of (NH2)2CO may have countered acidity at pH 5 and improved its performance compared to (NH4)2SO4. At pH 7, the acidic nature of (NH4)2SO4 was countered by the higher soil basicity resulting in acceptable performance by this source. All NH4+ sources were inferior to NaNO3 at pH 9, probably due to NH3 volatilization and toxicity. Tissue N concentrations generally were inversely related to dry weight, but N use efficiency increased from 17.0 g leaf g-1 N for (NH2)2CO and NaNO3 at pH 5 to 27.2 g leaf g-1 N for (NH4)2SO4 and NaNO3 at pH 7. Apparent N recovery averaged 74% for NaNO3 across all pH levels, but averaged only 54%, 41%, and 34% for ((NH4)2SO4, (NH2)2CO, and NH4Cl, respectively. Chloride concentrations in leaves were above 8% for all sources at pH 5 when a constant rate of Cl- was applied. This resulted in no toxicity symptoms for NaNO3, slight symptoms for (NH2)2CO, and severe symptoms for (NH4)2SO4 and NH4CI. Chloride levels were lower at pH 7, resulting in no symptoms for NaNO3 or (NH2)2CO and only slight symptoms for (NH4)2SO4 and NH4Cl. NaNO3 was the best N source across all pH levels in this greenhouse study. However, the study suggests (NH2)2CO may be an acceptable N source for tobacco under acid soil conditions while (NH4)2SO4 may suffice at soil pH near neutrality.