CORESTA Meeting, Smoke Science/Product Technology, Stratford-upon-Avon, 2005, SSPT 32
Effect of creatinine and specific gravity normalization techniques on biomarkers in smokers' spot and 24-hour urines
R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, R&D, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
Renal excretion mechanisms are xenobiotic-specific; therefore, accurate exposure assessment requires an understanding of relationships of biomarker concentration and excretion rate to urine flow, specific gravity and creatinine concentration. 24-hour...